儿童大多数都用电脑下国际象棋

在家长的眼里，关于电脑游戏对儿童的影响一直存在争议。许多研究已经对此事进行了调查。结论显示了我们大多数人直觉上知道的：电脑游戏肯定有一些积极的方面，但是在屏幕前花太多时间会对孩子的情绪发展产生不利的影响。研究表明，孩子们花在电脑上的时间应该受到监控和限制。

In the world of parenting, there is an ongoing debate about the effects of
computer games on our children. A number of studies have investigated the
matter. The conclusions show what most of us intuitively know: The computer
games definitely have some positive aspects, but spending too much time in front
of the screen can have detrimental consequences on the emotional development of
a child. The studies suggest that the time kids spend on the computer should be
monitored and limited.

现在，你可能想知道为什么注意国际象棋网站上的电脑游戏了。对的，看来电脑游戏和国际象棋对儿童的影响很相似。在许多方面，互联网站上的国际象棋成为计算机上的另一种(策略)游戏。

Now, you might be wondering why are we mentioning computer games on a chess
website. Well, it would appear that the effects of the computer games for kids
are quite similar to the effects chess on computer has on our children. In many
aspects, chess on computer becomes as any another (strategy) game on
computer.

在电脑上下棋的身份验证

kid playing chess on computer

进入21世纪，国际象棋发生了历史变革。强大的计算机引擎和数据库的发展对我们的旧式玩法产生了重大影响。

一是它影响了下棋的方式。

二是最重要的是，它影响了国际象棋的学习方式。

In the 21st century, chess has undergone revolutionary changes. The
development of strong computer engines and databases have had a major effect on
our ancient game.

• It has affected the way chess is played.

• But most importantly, it has affected the way chess is learned.

主要原因是信息爆炸。现在，国际象棋引擎允许每个人都能找到关于每一步位置的客观真相。国际象棋数据库使我们能够快速浏览数百万个开局。国际象棋以前从未如此容易理解，尤其是对青少年和儿童很容易上手。一切好东西都要付出相应的代价。虽然计算机带来了很多利益，但是也有一些不利因素。在这篇文章中，我们将透析儿童用电脑下国际象棋的利与弊。

The main reason is the accessibility of information. Nowadays, chess engines
allow everyone to find out the objective chess truth about a certain move and
position. Chess databases allow us to quickly scan through millions of games and
opening lines. Never before was chess so approachable, especially to youngsters
and children. Alas, everything good comes with a price. Although computers bring
numerous benefits, there is also a number of downsides. In this article, we will
look at both pros and cons of computer chess for kids.

儿童用电脑下棋的优点去分析

让我们从好的方面推进。正如我们已经明白的那样——花时间在电脑上和参与与国际象棋有关的活动对儿童是有好处的。

The Pros of Computer Chess for Kids

Allow us to start with the good aspects. As we have already pointed out –
spending time on the computer and being engaged with chess-related activities
has benefits for children.

计算机有助于学棋。

Computers facilitate chess learning.

在21世纪，国际象棋世界高手大多是年轻人。得力于Kramnik或
Anand等棋手做出的努力，世界前100强中绝大多数都不到30岁。而且，要想精通国际象棋，障碍路上很多。国际象棋神童的数量和实力每一年都在增加中。

In the 21st century, chess on top of the world is dominated by youngsters.
Despite the efforts of players such as Kramnik or Anand, the vast majority of
the world’s top 100 is younger than 30. Also, the barrier to reaching chess
mastery keeps moving forward. The number and the strength of chess child
prodigies are increasing on a yearly basis.

计算机引擎和数据库是罪魁祸首。他们给扬长短时内收集信息的年轻人提供了一个机会。

Computer engines and databases are the main culprits. They have presented
youngsters with an opportunity to absorb a huge amount of information in a short
amount of time – something they are really good at.

与著名棋手Robert James Fischer相比，一名儿童只需点击几下鼠标就可以查询收集很多非常相似的数据。

Compared to Robert James Fischer, who had to plow through a dozen of books, a
modern kid merely has to click his mouse a couple of times to gain a very
similar amount of data.

计算机的程序设计得把国际象棋变成一套有趣的游戏。

Computer programs can trasnform chess into funny games.

计算机的优点之一是能把任何东西转变为游戏。棋盘给有创造力的人提供了大量的机会来创造迷你游戏。例如-收集水果在不同的广场上使用您的骑士是一个游戏衍生自国际象棋。虽然并不完全适合国象专业的学生，但不同数量的象棋应用程序或程序使学习和下棋成为一项简单和娱乐的活动。

One of the advantages of computers is the ability to turn anything into a
game. And the chessboard presents creative individuals with an abundance of
opportunities to create mini-games. For instance – collecting fruit on different
squares using solely your knight is a game derived from chess. Although not
exactly for the serious chess students, a different number of chess apps or
programs make learning and playing chess an accessible and fun activity.

电脑使孩子们下棋变得越来越多

Computers allow kids to play chess more frequently.

在以前，想找到时间，地点和合适的对手下一盘棋。这就需要耗费几个月的时间。现在，以上问题解决都变得容易多了——你登录你的帐户，然后立即寻找一个对手。不是任何对手，而是适合你的实力和首选的时间控制(快棋/慢棋得术语)里搭配。

In the past, you had to find the time, the place and a suitable opponent to
play a chess game. That could take months. Nowadays, everything is much easier –
you log into your account and immediately find an opponent. And not just any
opponent, but the one suitable for your playing strength and preferred time
control (blitz, bullet, rapid, or classic).

然而，在线快棋可以像电脑上的任何其他游戏一样让人恋恋不舍。

However, online blitz can be as addicting as any other game on computer.

在网上玩快棋很难提高你或儿童的棋力水平。快速下棋，没有适当的时间思考，会让你一遍又一遍地重复同样的模式。Vladimir
Kramnik称之为“手的训练”。我们的明确建议是，将快棋类得国际象棋游戏的在线时间限制在每周最多2小时。不能再多了。

Playing blitz online will hardly improve your or your child’s chess. Fast
chess, without proper time to think, will make you repeat the same patterns over
and over. Vladimir Kramnik calls it “training for the hand”… Our definite
advice is to limit the time spent online for blitz chess games to a maximum of 2
hours a week. No more.

儿童用电脑下棋的不利因素

The Cons of Computer Chess for Kids

电脑不能加深理解

Computers don’t deepen your understanding

我们已经在前一篇文章中写过关于电脑象棋引擎的危险和陷阱。让我们再次强调一点：电脑并不能提高你对玩法的理解，因为它们不会在某个着法或开局上展示客观得意图。

We have already written in the previous article about dangers and pitfalls of
computer chess engines. Let us emphasize the main point once again: Computers
don’t improve your understanding of the game because they don’t show you the
ideas in a certain position or opening line.

阅读国际象棋书籍，请教国际象棋教练，以及常用大脑，都是至关重要的。

大师包就像是一个专业的象棋教练的支持象棋书籍的集合!每一个国象奇才都只使用棋盘和棋子，并且只有在他们达到一定的理解后才开始更密集地使用电脑引擎。

例如，在2016年Zalakaros公开赛期间，我与12岁的天才棋手、欧洲U12亚军亚Alex
Krstulović交手。赛后，他告诉我他有两个教练，一个是教中局的，另一个是教残局的。两位教练都严格禁止他使用电脑引擎。

It is of crucial importance to read chess books, work with chess trainers
and, in general, use your own brain.

Grandmaster Package is like a collection of chess books with the support of
professional chess trainers! Every chess prodigy worked a lot using only the
board and the pieces and only started using the engines more intensively once
they reached a certain understanding.

For instance, during the Zalakaros 2016 open tournament, I played against
12-year-old talent Alex Krstulović, European U12 vice-champion. After the game,
he told me he has two trainers, one for middlegame and the other for the
endgame. Both trainers strictly forbade him to rely only on the engines.

国际象棋电脑版就是一位可怕的对手。

Chess computers are terrible opponents.

如果曾经玩过电脑游戏的话，就明白了人工智能有时有多惨。在国象电脑引擎方面，情况雷同。在设置较低的水平里pk，大多数引擎都会做出荒谬和愚蠢的选择，轻松就能打败它们。在设置更高的水平上，他们难度又太强大了——如果儿童被无情地打败就会对下棋的动力大打折扣。

If you ever played a computer game, you have surely realized how bad AI
sometimes is. Things are quite similar when it comes to chess engines. On lower
levels, most engines will play absurd and silly moves and you will beat them
quite easily. On higher levels, they are way too strong – getting mercilessly
crushed might affect your kid’s motivation to continue playing.

人类的对手都是可怕的人类。

Human opponents are terrible humans.

任何在网上下过棋的人都应该清楚陌生人的粗鲁性。下棋也不例外。要是下棋中的输了，许多人决定以非常不文明的方式发泄他们的沮丧。这种印象会给儿童留下永久的印记。更惨的是，一种社会规范被儿童所接受并开始这样任由其发展。

Anyone who has ever played chess on internet should be aware of how rude
strangers can be. Chess is not an exception. Handling a defeat in chess can be
quite difficult and a number of people decide to vent their frustration in a
very uncivilized manner. It can leave a lasting mark on your children. Even
worse, they might accept it as a social norm and start doing the same.

国际象棋电脑版是非主流。

Computer chess is antisocial.

为了提高社交技能，儿童花时间和同龄人在一起是很重要的。根据一项研究，长期花时间玩电脑游戏的儿童比不玩电脑游戏的儿童社交能力低。

我们可以讨论现实生活中的下国际象棋是否是最具社会性的活动。但有一点是肯定的，那就是它绝对比用电脑下棋更具社交性。你甚至看不到对手。或者在你的房间里独自移动虚拟板上的碎片

For the development of the social skill set, it is important that children
spend the time around their peers. According to one study, kids who spent an
excessive amount of time playing computer games had lower social skills than
those who didn’t.

We could debate whether chess in real life is the most social activity. But
one thing is certain – it is definitely more social than computer chess, where
you don’t even see your opponent. Or where you move the pieces on virtual board
in the solitude of your room.

在屏幕前长时间停留还会抑制情绪的上升。

Spending too much time in front of the screen inhibits emotional
development.

与之相比较——除了阻碍社交能力的发展外，电脑也会抑制儿童的情绪发展。公布研究结论，连续五天盯着屏幕看的孩子不善于阅读人类的情感。

Tightly connected to the previous point – apart from hindering the
development of the social abilities, computers also inhibit the emotional
development of a child. One study demonstrated that kids who didn’t stare at the
screen for five days in a row were significantly better at reading human
emotions.

棋艺生涯会影响正常的童年。

A chess career can impact a normal childhood.

最后，虽然电脑给你的孩子提供了巨大的机会，但值得记住的是，一个成功的国象事业的代价可能是缺乏一个正常的童年。棋手的生活是非常紧张和无聊的，它包括不确定性的旅行。经常各地旅行时，很难维持友谊和正常生活。当然，如果你的孩子成为了一名国际象棋大师，从长远来看可能会有回报，但如果他们不能获得高的成就呢?

Finally, although computers offer your kids tremendous opportunities, it is
worth remembering that the price for a successful chess career might be the lack
of a normal childhood. Life of a chess player is very intense and boemic – it
involves constant travelling. It is hard to maintain friendships and normal life
when you are constantly traveling. Sure, if your child becomes a grandmaster, it
might pay off in the long run, but what if they don’t make it to the top?

计算机在国际象棋中的应用

Conclusion of using computers for chess

总而言之，电脑象棋对孩子们来说既有积极的一面，也有消极的一面。很难说是利大于弊还是弊大于弊。也许最好的经验法则是折中的中庸原则。关键是控制技术的平衡，而不是让技术控制你。禁止儿童使用电脑是没有意义的，但是也不应该让电脑控制儿童。

All in all, computer chess for kids has both positive and negative sides. It
is hard to say definitely whether the pros outweigh the cons or vice versa.
Probably the best rule of thumb to follow is the old golden mean principle. The
balance of controlling the technology, instead of letting the technology control
you, is the key. Banning your children from accessing the computer makes no
sense, but you also shouldn’t let things get out of control.

如果儿童花在“插电”上的时间选择合适合理，利大于弊。所以万事万物都是适可而止，计算机和技术可能是这样。用电脑下国际象棋也是这样。

If your children spend a moderate amount of time „plugged in“, the pros will
be more pronounced than the cons. And that is probably true about anything
related to computer and technology. Not just computer chess.

by Vjekoslav Nemec and ICS admin on January 6, 2019

作者：Vjekoslav Nemec and ICS admin on January

翻译：陈因斯坦